Navigating the Connection between Anxiety and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Anxiety and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are two prominent issues that have seen an alarming increase in prevalence over the last few years. Anxiety ranks among the most prevalent mental health disorders in the United States. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately 325 of adolescents have encountered an anxiety disorder, and around 19% of adults have experienced one in the past year. Rates tend to be higher in females than males.
Moreover, an estimated 31.1% of adults will face an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives. In parallel, the Centers for Disease Control reports a surge in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) rates over the past two decades. In 2002, Autism was thought to affect 1 in 150 children, but by 2018 that number had jumped to 1 in 44 children fitting the criteria for an ASD diagnosis.
So, when and how do these two disorders intersect, and what should parents expect in cases of comorbidity? To better grasp this connection, we must first understand the nature of each condition.
What is Anxiety?
Anxiety, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5), entails “excessive worry and apprehensive expectations, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities, such as work or school performance. “While occasional anxiety is normal, an anxiety disorder diagnosis is made when anxious thoughts impede daily activities like school work and relationships.
Anxiety disorder comes in various forms, from Generalized Anxiety Disorder to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Panic Disorder. More often, anxiety disorders co-occur with other conditions like ADHD, depression, and eating disorders. Individuals with ASD often report higher rates of anxiety, with half of autistic adults meeting the criteria for an anxiety disorder. Steensel et. AI (2011) found that 40% of autistic children experience comorbid anxiety disorders.
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?:
ASD is a broad diagnosis, as outlined by the DSM-5, encompassing a wide spectrum of children displaying persistent deficits in social communication, social interaction, and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
ASD can present with or without intellectual Impairment and may involve Various Medical, genetic, or environmental factors. The severity of ASD varies from “requiring support” (Level 1) to “Requiring very substantial support” (Level 3).
Understanding what co-morbidity is?
Why do individuals who meet ASD criteria are most likely to also meet criteria for an anxiety disorder? Our world is primarily designed for neurotypical individuals, which can lead to stress and anxiety for those who are neurodivergent. While this question is still being researched clinical observations have revealed several phenomena:
- Individuals with ASD often exhibit inflexibility or rigidities. When they cannot adhere to their need for rigidity, anxiety is a natural response.
- Many individuals with ASD have distinct sensory experiences, such as heightened sensitivity to sounds. The anticipation of possible sensory discomfort can lead to anxiety.
- Social situations may not come intuitively to individuals with ASD. They often sense that they are not meeting social expectations without understanding what they should be doing differently, causing anxiety.
- Communication difficulties can also contribute to anxiety. The uncertainty of having one’s needs met or understood is a valid source of anxiety.
- Some individuals with ASD engage in “masking,” consistently suppressing their natural behaviors to gain social acceptance, which creates stress and anxiety.
Recognizing Anxiety in Neurodivergent Children:
Just like anxiety that is not accompanied by a comorbid diagnosis, the presentation can look a little different for everyone. Anxiety in neurodivergent children can manifest differently than in neurotypical children. While the symptoms may vary, there are common indications, such as elevated heart rate, increased breathing rate, and verbal expressions of fear. However, anxiety is not always obvious.
It can often resemble avoidance or a lack of interest in anxiety-inducing activities. In some cases, anxiety may present as anger or temper tantrums. Children may lack the vocabulary and self-awareness to describe their feelings as anxiety, leading them to mask it through angry outbursts. Seeking to control situations is another common response to anxiety, with children acting out to escape stressful situations.
Anxiety is a normal experience for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. If you suspect your child could benefit from assistance in recognizing and addressing their anxiety, do not hesitate to reach out to us. We are here to provide the support you and your child need.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is Anxiety, and how prevalent is it?
Anxiety is characterized by excessive worry and apprehension about various events or activities that impede daily life. It’s a prevalent mental health disorder, affecting approximately 19% of adults in the past year and about 31.1% of adults in their lifetime, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and how has its prevalence changed over the years?
ASD is a broad diagnosis encompassing deficits in social communication and repetitive behavior. Its prevalence has increased significantly, with rates jumping from 1 in 150 children in 2002 to 1 in 44 in 2018.
Can anxiety in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder be managed effectively?
Yes, Anxiety in individuals with ASD can be managed effectively with appropriate interventions and support. A personalized approach, including therapy and coping strategies, can help individuals better manage their anxiety.
Is it possible for individuals with ASD to overcome their anxiety challenges over time?
While anxiety challenges may persist, individuals with ASD can learn to better manage their anxiety and develop effective coping mechanisms. Early intervention and consistent support play a significant role in helping individuals thrive.
